Description Of The Social Disorganization Theory Criminology Essay

Description Of The Social Disorganization Theory Criminology Essay Criminology and other social sciences, examine numerous facets when attempting to explain what factors cause individuals to deviate from social norms Social disorganization theory,. Sociologists have established social structure theories in their efforts to connect behavior patterns to social-economic control and other social ecological factors (Social disorganization theory,). The social disorganization theory expanded from social structure theories; which states that neighborhoods with decaying social structures are more likely to have higher crime rates (The social costs,). Description of the Social Disorganization Theory Social Disorganization Theory was created by two sociologists, Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay who were connected to the University of Chicago. Due to the social problems afflicting Chicago, Shaw and McKay examined the predominant rates crime and delinquency (Wong). Creators Shaw and McKay theorized that disorganized communities plagued by poverty lacked strong social strength (Wong). In the early 1940s, Shaw and McKay conducted a study using an ecological concept of dominance, in order to explain the high percentage of criminal behavior that afflicted Chicago neighborhoods (Social disorganization theory,). Robert Park and Ernest Burgesss Concentric Zone Model was used in Shaw and McKays work (Wong). They identified five concentric zones illustrating social problems in Chicago. Shaw and McKay used this information to examine the juvenile delinquency rate in detail and to clarify why it was isolated to urban areas (Wong). Shaw and McKay believed that social disorganization was linked to immigrant groups relocating to more desirable neighborhoods Shaw and McKay discovered that high delinquency rates persisted in certain Chicago neighborhoods for long periods of time in spite of changes in the ethnic and cultural composition of these neighborhoods (Social disorganization theory, ). They discovered that neighborhoods ecological played a part in determining crime rates. Their research also revealed that high rates of crime occurred in communities that had a declining populations and property decay (Social disorganization theory,). Discussion of the Social disorganization Theory Social disorganization occurs when neighborhoods members fail to achieve united values or to solve mutual problems (Social disorganization and, ). Shaw and McKay connected social disorganization to poor unstable areas with ethnic diversity(Social disorganization and, ). Shaw and McKays studies connecting delinquency rates to physical characteristics established crucial evidences about the neighborhoods relates to crime and delinquency (Social disorganization and, ). Their work is still used as a guide today as a way of addressing crime in neighborhoods. A recent version of social disorganization theory states that strong social interactions prevent crime and delinquency (Social disorganization and, ). When members of neighborhoods are familiar with each other, the adults are more willing to get involved when children misbehave and watch for outsiders, in other words protect each other and their neighborhood (Social disorganization and, ). According to social disorganization theory, neighborhood characteristics such as poverty and ethnic diversity causes higher crime rates because they inhibit neighborhood members from working together (Social disorganization and, ). Judy Van Wyk, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, at the University of Rhode Island uses the social disorganization theory to reason that intimate violence is connected to disadvantage neighborhoods because residents lack social bonds with their neighbors (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). It is believed that residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods are unwilling to get involved or call the police in domestic disputes because they have weak ties to their neighbors. Women who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to be socially isolated and are at greater risk of domestic violence (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). The National Surveys of Families and Households (NSFH) sample was designed to be representative of the general population of U.S. households and employed a multi-stage area probability sample. Data was gathered by conducting face-to-face interviews with 13,007 randomly selected adult respondents. The study finds that when the racial or socioecono mic configurations of neighborhoods reach certain values, neighborhoods are bound to change character (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). They go from being acceptable places to live for most people to being unattractive for everyone except for those who have no other choice. Change occurs mainly because whites or people of high socioeconomic status move out if they observe that too many blacks or poor persons are moving into the neighborhood (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). This migration decreases property values and generates an opportunity for those who were previously prevented from living in an area by high housing costs. Therefore, these neighborhoods become overrun with racial minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged persons (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). These changes lead to social disorganization which causes an increase in crime rates. Social disorganization can be demonstrated by the presence of people taking drugs on the streets, dealing drug, fighting in public, crime, prostitution, or other criminal and noncriminal activities that created a sense of danger and that is seen by neighborhood as signs of the collapse in social control (Gracia Herrero, 2007). Social disorganization shows the members that their neighborhoods are dangerous places. Therefore, rendering them too scared to take an active role in boosting social order in their neighborhood; this causes them to pull away from communal life. Using data from a national representative sample of 14,994 Spaniards18 years old and older, data was gathered through face-to-face interviews after choosing individuals by quotas of sex and age (Gracia Herrero, 2007). Results revealed that contributors seeing low or moderate neighborhood social disorganization exhibited a positive attitude toward reporting domestic violence against women as compared with contributors seeing high neighborhood social disorganization (Gracia Herrero, 2007). The outcomes support the theory that perceived neighborhood social disorganization is adversely related with residents attitudes toward reporting domestic violence against women, undoubtedly as a result of a weakened sense of trust and joint effectiveness. Conclusion As suggested above, social disorganization theory continues to dominate in clarifying the impact of neighborhood characteristics such as, poverty, ethnic diversity, and residential stability, on crime rates. Regarding the future, social disorganization theory will still be applied to various forms of crime and will continue to be the motivation behind criminologists and social scientists in their exploration of criminal behavior.

P4 Use Marketing Research

Task 1 (P4 use marketing research for marketing planning) Results -75% want more children’s sandwiches -82% want the shop to be open longer -65% said the staff was unfriendly -50% said the contents of the sandwiches could be fresher -80% said they would prefer more wraps SWOT Analysis Strengths – Because Mr. Khan has carried out the market research on his competitors his can adjust his own store make sure it meets the requirements that the customers need such as making sure his staff are friendly and help when serving customers.Weaknesses -The weaknesses of Mr. Khan’s sandwich shop is that there is already a shop in the area with a minimum of 200 customers which may make it harder for him to start getting customers especially if the store has a large amount of loyal customers. Also if there is one shop there may more which could mean he has set up his business in a bad area. Opportunities To widen the range of sandwiches available in his shop, more childrenâ€⠄¢s sandwiches will bring more customers in with young children also to start making more types of wraps so that there is a larger selection of food available in store bringing more customers through the door therefore increasing sales and profits. – By keeping his store open longer than other stores in the area he can potentially gain more customers from other store and perhaps find new customers who use his store nearer to closing time. -If Mr.Khan was able to source all of the contents of his sandwiches locally and use that as promotion so that he has the freshest ingredients because it can bring more customers. Threats – Any new shops that are opening can be a potential threat and steal customers from his store because they may give better service, products or their prices may be lower. – Also if there are any supermarkets around the area that sell sandwiches because they sell them at much lower prices than he can so there is threat of the supermarkets steal ing customers Smart Objectives 0% said they would prefer more wraps -To develop a new line of wrap based product to sell in store Perhaps look into other stores to do some market research to see what type’s food sells and whether wraps are selling or not. Then on the research that he has carried out create a new menu of sandwiches that include a selection of wraps, also Mr. Khan could introduce the wrap with a special offer like a meal deal, half price or buy one get free. Mr. Khan could also do a festive menu on the way up to Christmas 82% want the shop to be open longer Keep the store open from 7:00am until 4:00pm for lunch and breakfast also perhaps open it for a two hours in the evening to increase and make a minimum of 60 sales per day Increase the amount of sales he makes in a day by doing a meal deal that would draw more people into his store daily also if he was to keep the store open for longer than he could get more sales in the later hours of the afternoon when did n’t use to be open. Mr. Khan could also open it for a few hours in the evening to see if he could get any sales then. 5% said the staff was unfriendly -Gain 30 regulars that use the store 3-5 times week in the first two months By employing more friendly staff that interact with customers so his store becomes a more friendly place with better atmosphere, this may mean that customer could his shop more often and regularly in their work place so that Mr. Khan knows he has got at least 30 guarantied sales every day. 50% said the contents of the sandwiches could be fresher -Source all ingredients that are used in sandwiches locally e. g. local farms and butchers. By Mr.Khan sourcing all of the contents of his sandwiches and ingredients locally from local farms, grocers and butchers also perhaps use organic fruit and vegetables. Then promoting in his store and on the menu that he uses fresh, locally sourced ingredients in his food may bring in more customers. 75% want more children ’s sandwiches -Open new line of child based sandwich products and meal deal that contain a drink a toy also a wider variety sandwiches. By starting to make a children’s menu with a range of products from sandwiches to drinks and toys.This will bring more people with children into his sandwich store and mean that the parents will stay longer and spent more money in his shop because their children are happy and entertained with the meal they have. PESTEL Analysis Political -Political factors are Laws passed by the government that affect the business and to what degree. These political factors include areas such as tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability.Political factors can also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided and those that the government doesn’t want to be provided such as tobacco and cigarettes which the governments allow to be sold sell but puts heavy tax on . The smoking ban had a big effect on all business when it was put in place however it was a positive for shops and business like Mr. Khans sandwich shop because it prevents smokers from smoking in business and public places which allowed more people and a wider range to use the business such mothers and children to use his store that wouldn’t have used it before because of the smokers.Economical -Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate which affect business in the way of stock prices, rent and taxation these factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a company like Mr. Khan’s profits, revenue and debts because his business loans will become more expensive affecting how much his company makes and what it worth. This can affect how much his sandwich grows and expands, possible new store he could open and how quick it does so.Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy this affects Mr. Khan Business because it could import some of the ingredients used in his product and the exchange rates can differ and tax on importing and exporting goods can increase. Inflation affects all business because it affects prices of goods and services and taxes on business like Mr. Khan’s sandwich shop because the prices of his ingredients can increase, the tax on his business may increase and the rent for the premise of his business especially with inflation increasing.Social Social factors include the cultural aspects that affect businesses which can include population growth rate, age, career attitudes and different cultures. Age is has a big affect such as if Mr. Khan started to make his business more child friendly and offer coloring and play areas for children. Making the inside of his store more comfortable by using sofa seating instead of plastic chairs. Technological Tech nological factors include the ways in which technology has changed the way business operate and the rate of technological change.Examples of this would be business offering free Wi-Fi when you use the business this is something that Mr. Khan’s sandwich shop could think about offering to the customer because it can increase the range of customer that use it such students and business men that buy the lunch and use the Wi-Fi on their laptop to do work. Another technological factor would be for Mr. Khan to start using chip pin allowing his customers to pay with card because their lots of potential customer that may not have cash with them but have a card so don’t use his sandwich shop.Any more advance technology that he could use in his business such as new fridges, cooking and the equipment he uses to make the sandwiches which could all potentially increase the quality of his products. Environmental These are factors which can relate to the social, political and legal as pects affecting a business. Some examples of this would be Mr. Khan adapting a new outlook to how his business gives back to the environment, by the packaging he uses to wrap his sandwiches in perhaps using bio degradable packaging.Reducing the amount of packaging he uses so that he has less waste. Another thing Mr. Khan could consider is reducing the amount of waste his business generates overall; by reducing it he would not only save money himself on the waste packaging that is not used and it would reduce cost of rubbish removal because he will then have less non recyclable waste. These moves would also improve the image of his business in that it will become more environmentally friendly. LegalLegal issues involve the development that goes on within the business it includes various laws such as discrimination law, consumer law, antitrust law, employment law, and health and safety law. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. Be cause Mr. Khan’s business is relatively new and a lot of the current laws have already passed however law such as the smoking ban for example could have affect Mr. Khan’s business because when the law passed it was good news for mothers and children but bad for any smokers that before would have been able to smoke in the cafe.

Modern history of JAPAN

Distinct features of constitution: 1.According to Meiji constitution, all political power is in the Emperor’s hand. 2.The principle that sovereignty resided in person of the Emperor, by virtue of his divine ancestry â€Å"unbroken for ages eternal†, rather than the people, No other have chance to take position 3.The Emperor, nominally at least, united within himself all three branches (executive and legislative and judiciary) of government, albeit subject to the â€Å"consent of the Imperial Diet†. 4.Sacred and inviolable†, a formula which was construed by hard-line monarchists to mean that emperor retained the right to withdraw the constitution, or to ignore its provisions. 5.The Emperor’s commands (including Imperial Ordinance, Edicts, Rescripts, etc) had no legal force within themselves, but required the signature of a â€Å"Minister of State†. 6.The Emperor also had the sole rights to make war, make peace, conclude treaties Democracy in Meiji constitution. People’s right 1. Freedom of speech, assembly and association 2. Privacy of correspondence 3. Private property 4. Freedom of movement 5. Freedom of religion 6. Right to be appointed to civil or military or any other public offices equally. Moreover, according to constitution, the Emperor’s commands (including Imperial Ordinance, Edicts, Rescripts, etc) had no legal force within themselves, but required the signature of a â€Å"Minister of State†. Depart from Democracy. 1 All political powers in the Emperor’s hand. 2 The Meiji Constitution was founded on the principle that sovereignty resided in person of the Emperor, by virtue of his divine ancestry â€Å"unbroken for ages eternal†, rather than the people 3 The Emperor, nominally at least, united within himself all three branches (executive and legislative and judiciary) of government, 4 Ministers of State were appointed by (and could be dismissed by) the Emperor alone, and not by the Prime Minister or the Diet. 5 The Emperor also had the sole rights to make war, make peace, conclude treaties

Income Inequality in the United States Essay - 3271 Words

America prides itself on being one of the most successful democratically governed counties. The idea of the American dream is that all citizens have equal civil liberties and a responsive government. However the effectiveness of democracy is being threatened by increasing inequality in the United States. â€Å"The dominant view holds that economic development and modernization are the key to the continued growth of democracy† (Snider and Faris 2001; United Nations, 2011). In the last decade especially the American Society has had significant moments of increasing equality. In 1960 the Civil Rights Movement changed how different races were viewed. Also in the 1960s the Women’s Right Movement push for equal rights between genders. Both of these†¦show more content†¦Political Opinions Public opinion plays a huge role in the development of democracy. â€Å"A society is unlikely to maintain democratic institutions over the long term, unless democracy has solid support among the public† (Andersen 2012). Most research on the issue demonstrates a positive link between economic development and support for democracy(Andersen 2012). Some researchers also consider social trust (Putnam 1993) and social tolerance (Andersen and Fetner 2008) to be a major factor of support of democracy. Most Americans see unequal economy as a result of individuals work ethics and talent rather then a flaw in the economic system. However, most Americans accept inequality because they believe everyone has the same chances in life to make the best. A properly running government is supposed to make positive that all the citizen are equal. 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