Latin american and the global economic#1 Assignment

Latin american and the worldwide economic#1 - Assignment Example During war, for example, neighborhood wars, there are typically significant causalities to the populace while the legislature, then again, contends energetically to contain the circumstance. To do as such, there is typically expanded spending on both the administration part and the residents on fundamental products. This makes an expanded interest into the economy with less gracefully. In this way for an open economy, there would be an inundation of merchandise from an outside market {Berman, Nicolas, Philippe and Thierry, 2012}. This will cause the imports to surpass sends out subsequently making troublesome equalization of exchange. Subsequently, there will be current deficiencies that in the end will bring down the estimation of the nearby money. China has logically developing innovation and will have the option to deliver more units of TV with time. More TV created will make the sets to less expensive later on. Creation of vodka, then again, will decrease essentially. Accordingly, china will have a similar preferred position over Russia {Berman, Nicolas, Philippe, and Thierry,2012}. In this way, Russia should spend more jugs of vodka on the off chance that they are to get a solitary TV since the parity of exchange doesn't support them. China will likewise send out a larger number of TVs to Russia than the quantity of jugs of vodka to them. Along these lines, this will cause Yuan to be of more an incentive than the Russian money. Rubbles would deteriorate since the nation would require a greater amount of it if they somehow happened to gain Yuan to import TVs. i} when the fed brings down financing costs, business banks will have the option to obtain more from the national bank. Subsequently, they will have overabundance credit to loan to people in general. To draw in more borrowers, they should charge low-financing cost. In this manner, the financing costs will decrease in the market overall. Ii} bringing down the loan fee will build the measure of cash into the economy. This will bring about expanded spending by the populace prompting expanded interest in the economy.

The Historical Evolution of the European Union from Its Earliest Research Paper

The Historical Evolution of the European Union from Its Earliest Post-War Beginnings under the Schuman Plan and the European Coal and Steel Community - Research Paper Example Presentation European reconciliation was started in 1950 through the Schumann Plan, which built up The European Coal and Steel Community (EASC). The point was to stand up to fears that the strength of Germany’s coal and steel businesses could be hindering to European post war recreation endeavors or be bridled to fabricate a war machine (Lipgens and Loth, 1988). At an individual level, the plan’s boss designer, jean Monnet, trusted that the undertaking would support French recreation plans and limit by Europeanizing the specialized arranging process. Most defenders of the undertaking sought that ECSC would clear route after mix past coal and steel, and initiate an increasingly significant relationship (Sloan, 2005). The Robert Schuman Speech Robert Schuman, the French remote clergyman following up on exhortation from his guide jean Monnet, delivered an authentic discourse on ninth may 1950. The discourse tended to appropriate issues influencing Europe, for example, the simply finished World War Two, financial circumstance in European expresses, the unfurling cold war between Soviet Union and the US, the plague overthrow that encouraged the socialist takeover in Czechoslovakia, the Berlin barricade, the primary soviet nuclear bomb, and powers in the USA upholding for a German rearmament (Lipgens and Loth, 1988). ... A high position, later named as European Coal and Steel Community, was to neglect the Franco-German coal and steel industry. The apparent combination of monetary interests would increase expectations of living and rouse the development of an European people group. Choices of the proposed High Authority were to be authoritative on part states while the high authority was to be autonomous and have equivalent portrayal. The establishing accomplices needed to imagine a one of a kind law and maintain a strategic distance from the rule of unanimity. Accordingly, the law planned was neither national nor universal, yet transnational or supranational in that capacity; the EU law was infringing upon some national laws and required a high social skill to rehearse (Gerber, 1998). At first, the EASC had six establishing individuals who comprised of Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The 1957 Treaty of Rome made the European Common Community (ECC) or Common Market. The e stablishing countries of the European Union yielded a portion of their sway for monetary incorporation, supranational administration, and aggregate harmony. The intention was to transcend nationalistic gallantry that had commanded the early many years of the twentieth century, accelerating two universal wars, death toll, and monetary obliteration (Sloan, 2005). European political pioneers needed to end global hardship, advance financial prosperity, encourage social congruity, and assemble a superior world liberated from competitions and scorn. In this manner, the underlying elements of the EU were to encourage harmony and flourishing (Sloan, 2005). There were two ideological ways to deal with European coordination; the federalist approach upheld for nearby, national and provincial specialists to collaborate and supplement one another while the functionalist

How Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Works

How Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Works Psychotherapy Print How Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Works By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 22, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 20, 2019 Letizia Le Fur / Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy, also known as REBT, is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy developed by psychologist Albert Ellis. REBT is focused on helping clients change irrational beliefs. Lets take a closer look at how rational emotive behavior was developed and how it works. History of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy As a young man, Ellis found himself longing for companionship yet experienced a severe fear of talking to women. In order to tackle his fear, Ellis decided to perform an experiment. For a month, he visited a nearby park and forced himself to talk to 100 different women. Over time, Ellis found that his fear of speaking to women had diminished considerably. Ellis later explained that this experience served as a basis for developing his approach to therapy, combining behavioral strategies with assessing underlying thoughts and emotions. Ellis had trained as a clinical psychologist. As he treated patients, he became increasingly dissatisfied with the results offered by the traditional psychoanalytic approach to therapy  that he was using at the time. He noted that while his patients were able to become aware of their underlying problems, their behavior did not necessarily change as a result. Simply becoming conscious of the problem was not enough to lead to actual changes in behavior, he concluded. By the 1950s, Ellis had started experimenting with other types of psychotherapy and was heavily influenced by philosophers and psychologists including Karen Horney and Alfred Adler as well as the work of behavioral therapists. Elliss goal was to develop what he viewed as an action-oriented approach to psychotherapy designed to produce results by helping clients manage their emotions, cognitions, and behaviors. According to Ellis, people are not disturbed by things but rather by their view of things. The fundamental assertion of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is that the way people feel is largely influenced by how they think.?? When people hold irrational beliefs about themselves or the world, problems can result. Because of this, the goal of REBT is to help people alter illogical beliefs and negative thinking patterns in order to overcome psychological problems and mental distress.?? Rational emotive behavior therapy was one of the very first types of cognitive therapies. Ellis first began developing REBT during the early 1950s and initially called his approach to rational therapy.?? In 1959, the technique was redubbed rational emotive therapy and later rechristened rational emotive behavior therapy in 1992. Ellis continued to work on REBT until his death in 2007. The ABC Model Ellis suggested that people mistakenly blame external events for unhappiness. He argued, however, that it is our interpretation of these events that truly lies at the heart of our psychological distress. To explain this process, Ellis developed what he referred to as the ABC Model: A ?â€" Activating Event: Something happens in the environment around you.B ?â€" Beliefs: You hold a belief about the event or situation.C ?â€" Consequence: You have an emotional response to your belief.?? The events and situations that people encounter throughout life are only one piece of the puzzle. In order to understand the impact of such events, it is also essential to look at the beliefs people hold about these experiences as well as the emotions that arise as a result of those beliefs. The Basic Steps In order to better understand how REBT looks, it is important to take a closer look at the therapeutic process itself. Identify  the Underlying Irrational Thought Patterns and Beliefs The very first step in the process is to identify the irrational thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that lead to psychological distress. In many cases, these irrational beliefs are reflected as absolutes, as in I must, I should, or I cannot. According to Ellis, some of the most common irrational beliefs include: Feeling excessively upset over other peoples mistakes or misconduct.Believing that you must be 100 percent competent and successful in everything to be valued and worthwhile.Believing that you will be happier if you avoid lifes difficulties or challenges.Feeling that you have no control over your own happiness; that your contentment and joy are dependent upon external forces.?? By holding such unyielding beliefs, it becomes almost impossible to respond to situations in a psychologically healthy way. Possessing such rigid expectations of ourselves and others only leads to disappointment, recrimination, regret, and anxiety. Challenge  the Irrational Beliefs Once these underlying feelings have been identified, the next step is to challenge these mistaken beliefs. In order to do this, the therapist must dispute these beliefs using very direct and even confrontational methods. Ellis suggested that rather than simply being warm and supportive, the therapist needs to be blunt, honest, and logical in order to push people toward changing their thoughts and behaviors. Gain  Insight and Recognize Irrational Thought Patterns As you might imagine, REBT can be a daunting process for the client. Facing irrational thought patterns can be difficult, especially because accepting these beliefs as unhealthy is far from easy. Once the client has identified the problematic beliefs, the process of actually changing these thoughts can be even more challenging. While it is perfectly normal to feel upset when you make a mistake, the goal of rational emotive behavior therapy is to help people respond rationally to such situations. When faced with this type of situation in the future, the emotionally healthy response would be to realize that while it would be wonderful to be perfect and never make mistakes, it is not realistic to expect success in every endeavor. You made a mistake, but thats okay because everyone makes mistakes sometimes. All you can do is learn from the situation and move on. It is also important to recognize that while rational emotive behavior therapy utilizes cognitive strategies to help clients, it also focuses on emotions and behaviors as well.?? In addition to identifying and disputing irrational beliefs, therapists and clients also work together to target the emotional responses that accompany problematic thoughts. Clients are also encouraged to change unwanted behaviors using such things as meditation, journaling, and guided imagery.?? A Word From Verywell REBT can be effective in the treatment of a range of psychological disorders including anxiety and phobias as well as specific behaviors such as severe shyness and excessive approval-seeking.

Evidence Based Practices For Homeless Sexual Minority Youth

Running Head: EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICES FOR HOMELESS SEXUAL MINORITY YOUTH Evidence Based Practices for Homeless Sexual Minority Youth Kerri Dunn-Bales and Mary Ann Callaway University of Oklahoma Abstract: SMY (sexual minority youth, which refers within this paper to youth who identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, or queer) are at risk for trauma in particularly high numbers. When SMY become homeless, their risk for exposure to trauma becomes even higher, presenting the helping professions with a population that faces unique problems in clinical settings that may seek to treat homelessness without considering minority stress and repeated exposure to trauma. We reviewed literature concerned with trauma, homelessness and SMY issues to determine which EBPs (evidence-based practices) have been deemed most helpful for this population and found very few. Our investigation into local resources available to homeless SMY was similarly discouraging. Since previous trauma and marginalized sexual orientation are the primary factors for continued risk, we can suggest that Trauma Informed Care and Gay Affirmative Cognitive Behavioral Therapy are currently our best choices. This paper will seek to explore why. Description of the Problem: When discussing homeless SMY, we should remember that we are looking at the intersection of two populations whose risk factors for trauma are already elevated. To better understand these risks we looked at threeShow MoreRelatedUdhr s Article On Lgbt Rights2347 Words   |  10 Pagesfor Ebola, Lyme that put our survival itself at risk? When meditating on this question, let us also analyse our own sexual fabric. We set the standards of our own yardsticks to measure a sexual identity as valid/ invalid, normal/ abnormal, natural/ unnatural, acceptable/ unacceptable, moral/ immoral and finally good/ bad. Perhaps, upon these standards we define and adopt a sexual identity that belongs to a privileged position. One tends to overlook these privileges and rights that are availableRead MoreSexual Minority Youth And Juvenile Justice System1920 Words   |  8 PagesIntro / Problem: Sexual Minority youth (SMY) involved with the Juvenile Justice System (JJS) have a culture that require sensitivity treatment . Many youth that identify as or question their sexuality have experience prejudice attitudes from the initial point of entry( arrest). Navigating through the JJS has been a harsh and unwarranted experience with many fearing their safety from other inmates and staff. Many staff lack the knowledge of the societal realities that SMY struggle with. In additionRead MoreTeenage Moms That Are Still In High School Get Pregnant1391 Words   |  6 Pages15–17 years, and 7% for women aged 18–19 years.      Risk Factors   There is some evidence that certain groups of teenagers are particularly vulnerable to becoming teenage parents. As well as those who come from a low social economic background , it has been found that adolescents who display below average achievement are at a significantly higher risk of becoming teenage parents along with those involved in crime and homeless young people. Young people in care have also shown a higher risk of teenageRead MoreThe Homelessness Of The United States1803 Words   |  8 Pagesdemographic such as: Families, youth, veterans, and chronically homeless single male adults. Ending homelessness may require specialized solutions that are specific to individual needs. Factors like these make defeating homelessness a difficult task. Although solutions exist for some of the demographics, such as housing for chronically homeless adults, scaling up best practices remains a challenge. For other subpopulations, such as transitional aged youth, evidence-based interventio ns need to be developedRead MorePrinciples of Mental Health1258 Words   |  5 PagesIt recognizes the role and importance of family and social networks and community systems in the treatment of mental and emotional disorders. And it is familiar with and understands professional issues relating to clinical mental health counseling practice (CACREP). WHO (2012) identifies intervention principles and strategies, specifically for children and adolescents, as specificity, age, variability and practicability, and evaluation and assessment of effectiveness (WHO). 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We set the standards of our own yardsticks to measure a sexual identity as valid/ invalid, normal/ abnormal, natural/ unnatural, acceptable/ unacceptable, moral/ immoral and finally good/ bad. Perhaps, upon these standards we define and adopt a sexual identity that belongs to a privileged position. One tends to overlook the privileges and rights that are available forRead MoreDisparities in Transgender Population2131 Words   |  9 Pagesfalls under the umbrella of transgender, it is important to distinguish the two terms. It is important to note that being transgender does not necessarily imply anything about that persons sexual preference. Transgender individuals can be heterosexual, homosexual, asexual or anywhere else on the sexual preference spectrum. Understanding what transgender means also necessitates understanding the difference between sex and gender. A persons sex is biological and physical, and includes the sexRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pages-------------------------------- 1. Health care for homeless, why is it so costly? They typically have to stay in the hospital for a longer amount of time because they have a lot more co-morbidities that need to be treated. Being brought to the ED is extremely expensive. Critical interventions are very costly, and so are all the diagnostic tests that must be done. They usually don’t have insurance. High mental heath issues in the homeless population. High risk for infections, trauma, violenceRead MoreProblems Afflicting the Native Americans1991 Words   |  8 Pagesincreased a lot. It is fuelled by the weak law enforcement. The youth unemployment and the lack of activities for the young Indians result in vandalism, sexual assaults, theft and street fights. Housing problems The homelessness is considered to be a subject of no public interest in the US society. So there is very little information about the homeless American Indians in the USA. It is estimated that there are almost 90,000 homeless or under housed Indian families especially in the reservations.

Essay on School Examinations Should Be Abolished - 1130 Words

Examinations, as we know it, have emerged to be the main facet of modern education in the ever-changing landscape of academia. In an education infrastructure that is as unpredictable as the clouds, it is somewhat ironic that the system of examinations as a means of judging a student’s ability has prevailed through the years. Every person, in their quest for knowledge, would inevitably encounter numerous modes of examinations throughout the course of their academic journey. As much importance has been attached to it in virtually every academic institutions across the globe, the voices of those who lobby for its eradication are seldom heard, let alone be considered seriously. There are various reasons for policymakers to initiate a rethink†¦show more content†¦As the rigid examination system goes, he would be labeled and remembered for his mediocre results in the examination, and not for the sterling performances he consistently displays in the daily assignments. It doe s not help that, through many years of societal developments and evolutions, the adults of our world have grossly incorrect mindsets on the topic of examinations. More emphasis is placed on examinations just because they are the sole mode of assessment that counts in the final grading. As much as the general public loves to refute, our society is driven by an extremely judgmental mindset which marginalize those without distinctions or notable achievements in their academic pursuits. It is simply wrong and unjust to base a student’s intelligence and ability on a single examination. The fact that daily assignments are neglected leaves us with another point to ponder over. If it has come to the student’s realization that pieces of work which are handed out daily are unimportant, won’t he then turn a blind eye to punctuality and accountability? 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Type of particles with dimensions Free Essays

string(85) " has been noted for a few atom types, illustration for semisynthetic mineral fibers\." Nanoparticles include any type of atoms with dimensions of less than 500 nanometres. Nanoparticles play a major function in a assortment of Fieldss including advanced stuffs, pharmaceuticals, and environmental sensing and monitoring, as stated by ( J.B. We will write a custom essay sample on Type of particles with dimensions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Donnet et Al 1998 ) . Nanoparticles classified as one of two types, engineered or nonengineered. Engineered nanoparticles are deliberately designed to run into the demands of specific intents, such as chemical or biological. They can be end merchandises of a procedure eg.pharmaceuticals, or ultrafine atoms have tradition ­ally been used by the aerosol research and occupational and environmental wellness communities to depict airborne atoms. Nonengineered nanoparticles are accidentally generated or of course produced, such as burning from firing wood fuel or gasoline from vehicle emanations in the ambiance. Exposure of workers in different environments to assorted hazards nanoparticle engineering exists is legion. Nanoparticle engineering are applied in assorted industries, such as chemical industry catalysts, adhesives, car industry fuel additives, abrasion immune pigment, Health attention, pharmaceuticals, biocompatible stuffs, and building industry merchandises bettering wear-resistance. Occupational exposure bound ( OEL ) is an of import instrument for decrease of exposure to occupational jeopardies and bar of occupational diseases as stated by, M.I. Mikheev ( 1995 ) Toxicology Letters Vol. 77 ( 3 ) , pp 183-187. The intent of ( OEL ) is to move as a precaution in protection of the wellness of individuals in their several working environment from exposure to concentrations good over their allowable exposure bounds. The chief paths of occupational exposure to nanoparticles include inspiration, transdermic desorption and consumption ( BORM et.al, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to ( HOET et.al, 2004 ) the most common and investigated signifier of occupational exposure to nanoparticles is inspiration. A possible hazard arises when a individual within the working environment illustration, chemical industry performs everyday procedure where conditions as possible jeopardies exist. The hazards of nanoparticles are present and enter the human organic structure through one of the assorted paths of exposure and there are interactions of the stuffs with the organic structure ‘s biological systems. There can be inauspicious wellness hazards following exposure to the peculiar substance. Acute and Chronic exposure of the substance associated with the magnitude and dose of the exposure, good above the threshold value and continuity of the stuff in the organic structure. The built-in toxicity of the stuff, and the exposure or wellness position of the individual exposed along with age, sex, will find the type of wellness consequence impacting the worker. Hardman R ( 2006 ) A toxicologic reappraisal of quan ­tum points VOL 2, pp165-172.According to ( Duffin et al. 2007 ) which made mention to the fact that harmonizing to the substance of engineered nanoparticles features will change in footings of toxicity in the biological system of the organic structure and that there are uncertainnesss because the features of nanoparticles may be different from those of larger atoms with the same chemical composing. Inhalation is the most common signifier of exposure taking to respiratory diseases in footings of lung infection due to sedimentation of particulate affair within the respiratory piece of land over a period of clip due to dosage from point of beginning. ( Daigle et al. 2003 ) has made mention to the fact that ultrafine nanoparticles are deposited in the liner of the lungs which is the epithelial cells, to a greater extent than larger atoms of the same substance. The sum deposited in to the lungs increases with take a breathing rate due to strenuous activities and alteration from rhinal pit to talk external respiration. This tends to worsen individuals with bing lung conditions illustration occupational asthma and chronic effects can be linked to mesothelioma or lung malignant neoplastic disease, silicosis. Based on surveies, distinct nano ­particles may come in the blood stream from the lungs and disperse to other variety meats ( Takenaka et al.2001 ) . These indissoluble or low solubility atoms deposited in the pneumonic system are eliminated from the respiratory system by transporting them elsewhere in the organic structure. The motion of these ultrafine atoms in the blood stream could impact endothelial map and promote thrombosis in the arterias and other blood system jobs, including increased blood curdling ( Nemmar et al. 2002 ) , which leads to cardiovascular upsets. Expelled atoms from the lungs into the blood watercourse have effects on cardiovascular physiology, with changes of cardiac beat and arterial diameter. Several epidemiological surveies ( Wichmann et al. , 2000 ) which made mention to ultrafine atoms can go through through the extrapulmonary variety meats via the blood stream. Some atoms can be transported along the centripetal axons to the cardinal nervous systems which affect the encephalon doing neurological effects. The possible for neural consumption and translocation of inhaled particulates and pathogens to the encephalon was researched by ( Oberdorster et al. 2005 ) . Consumption may besides attach to inspiration exposure because atoms that are cleared from the respiratory piece of land via the mucociliary escala ­tor may be swallowed, ( Chen, Z et Al. 2007 ) . Nanoparticles can be straight ingested from H2O, nutrient, pharmaceutical drugs. Consumption can happen from unwilled manus to talk transportation of stuffs, this has been found to go on with established stuffs, and it can be assumed that it besides could go on dur ­ing managing nanomaterials. Harmonizing to research done by ( Behrens et al.2002 ) after consumption ultrafine atoms can be transferred across the enteric wall easy than larger atoms of the same substance. Surveies suggest that nanoparticles could come in the organic structure through the tegument during occupational exposure or through cosmetics. ( Tin ­kle et al. 2003 ) illustrated that atom smaller than 1  µm in diameter may pene ­trate into stamp tegument of the organic structure, and farther stated that it perforate the stratum core ­num barrier by inactive diffusion and local ­ize within the cuticular and cuticular beds within 24 hours. ( Lademann et al. 1999 ) stated that atoms making the corium can be transported to the lymphatic system by macrophages and dendritic cells. This leads to the release of in ­flammatory cytokines, oxidative emphasis, and reduced viability ( Monteiro-Riviere et al. 2005 ) . Skin annoyance has been noted for a few atom types, illustration for semisynthetic mineral fibers. You read "Type of particles with dimensions" in category "Essay examples" This consequence is greater for larger fibers than smaller fibers. Within the working environment there are hazards, with mention to nanoparticles such as a chemical province as indissoluble atoms or fibers nanoparticles and ultrafine atoms, Diesel fumes, and semisynthetic mineral fibers. Harmonizing to Hannah, W. ( 2008 ) Nanotechnology, hazard and the environment Journal of Environmental Monitoring VOL.10 pp291-300. Research workers agree that ultrafine atoms pose the strongest emerging hazard with respects to occupational exposure. Hazard appraisal is an indispensable measure to find what command degree must be implemented to restrict emanations in the air or H2O and prevent a toxic substance from impacting certain mark variety meats in workers. The control measures must be relative to the hazard ( Roberge et al. 2004 ) . Measures must implemented to guarantee that associated hazards are minimal to workers who might be exposed to nanoparticles through inspiration, transdermic desorption and consumption. There must be applications of hazard appraisal methods from bing informations to the peculiar working environment which is under reappraisal for appraisal. From the appraisal 1 must determine a description of the nanomaterial whether it is engineered or nonengineered, its chemical composing, H2O solubility, aspect ratio, surface alterations and its intended use as stated by ( Aitken RJ et Al. 2006 ) . There must besides be hazard designation in which information is collected about the nanomaterial and its effects on the volume of emanations on the environment, and scattering to environing countries thereby doing wellness effects to individuals at the immediate point of release and besides long range scattering. Helland, A. ( 2008 ) Reviewing the environmental and Human wellness cognition base of C nanotubes Vol.115 pp 1125-1131 The jeopardies which are identified must be categorised, an epidemiological survey in footings of who will be affected that is the workers in the environment, consumers, and other individuals in the general populace. ( Schulte et al. 2008 ) . Invitromethods which refer to local effects on the oculus and tegument, skin pervasion and genotoxicity, invitro proving refers to illustration, possible effects in the respiratory system, particularly the lungs. Inflammation, cytotoxicity or genotoxicity, which contribute to lung toxicity in vivo ( such as fibrosis or tumour formation ) are examined. ( Hess et al.2005 ) . Another jeopardy exists when there is exposure which occurs when a individual within the working environment comes into direct contact with a nanomaterial during a normal procedure or when a nanomaterial is released into the air, H2O, dirt, deposit, nutrient, or a merchandise. Exposure may be followed by existent entry into the organic structure via intake inspiration or consumption or transdermic soaking up though other open tissue, such as the oculus. The nature of the nanomaterial based merchandise may take to assorted paths of exposure. ( Nasterlack, M. et al 2008 ) . Potential hazards must be evaluated and quantified due to the nature and frequence of the jeopardy that is intake emanation concentration and maximal workplace concentration in footings of a high or low dosage. The hazard degree must be adjusted harmonizing to the badness or uncertainnesss of the documented hazard. Harmonizing to ( Singh, S.et al 2007 ) sometimes due to a low frequence of the jeopardy or exposure informations a full quantitative and qualitative appraisal of hazards, can be done, this may be done by comparing the trial stuff to a stuff with well-characterized toxicity judged to be more terrible as a benchmark. After the information would be assessed for divergences in stuff and applications. Risk direction involves cut downing hazard of nanomaterial procedures or merchandises to worlds and the environment. A hazard direction appraisal would supply the sequence to supervise activities, procedures, and dispose of or recycle the merchandise. It besides minimises any possible inauspicious impacts towards individuals and the environment. The degree of protection must be determined and command steps should be proportionate with the hazard. Decisions should be based on bing criterions of wellness and safety, and the effectivity of the chosen control method in cut downing exposure to below the maximal degree determined acceptable in the hazard rating harmonizing to ( Paik, S.Y. ( 2008 ) Application of a Pilot Control Banding Tool for Risk Level Assessment and Control of Nanoparticle Exposures Vol 52 pp419-428. Health jeopardies identified above illustrates the demand to look into thorough hazard appraisals and fix protocols which include steps for minimising staff exposure. Such steps include administrative controls and direction determinations for nanoparticles and other risky chemicals must be included in the appraisal. Engineering control techniques such as insulating the gen ­eration beginning from the worker and lo ­cal fumes airing systems must be effectual for restricting airborne nano ­particles. The usage of good work patterns helps in understating worker exposures to nanomaterials, such as forestalling the ingestion of nutrient or drinks in workplaces where nanomaterials are handled. The instruction and preparation of workers in protocols of good work patterns reduces incidents although hazards are present at different procedures. The development of processs and rating of types of exposure to find the choice and type of PPE for employees. Although nanoparticles are present in many workplaces, from beginnings such as procedures, burning, vehicle emanations, when a hazard appraisal is undertaken trying methods may be given to take readings at points other than atom beginning doing it hard to dif ­ferentiate between incidental and caused emanations. Harmonizing to ( Silkoff et al. 2005 ) persons with asthma and long term wellness effects have early noticeable symptoms can non wholly be attributed to nanoparticles, illustration, and familial cistrons. From the research of ( Takenaka et al.2001 ) at that place needs to be detailed research saying if the ultrafine nanoparticles which transrelocate to variety meats organic structure from the lungs are more prevailing to engineered or non engineered and if the ultrafine are more toxic than the larger versions of the said substance which causes amendss to cell construction. Although from the research done by ( Tin ­kle et al. 2003 ) , which gave a value of atom smaller than 1  µm in diameter may pene ­trate the cuticular beds of the tegument it does non print information as to the concentration of toxicity towards the several beds of the tegument to do annoyance and besides research on the cuticular exposure of nanomaterials is ongoing. ( Wichmann et al. 2000 ) in their research made reference of ultrafine atoms altering location from organ to organ via the blood watercourse but did non uncover any informations about the continuance of these within the organic structure peculiarly the liver and kidneys, since these organ remove toxins from the blood watercourse, or after digestion as most nanoparticles are expelled from the system via faces. Little is known about possible inauspicious effects from the consumption of nanomaterials. Another country which warrants research is the transportation of nanoparticles across the placenta, the exposure which is critical to fetal development. Within some states Government face an inevitable undertaking in maintaining up to day of the month with the hazards which nanomaterial airs to the population and the environment due to inefficiency of information. There are betterments in nanoparticles development which offer a broad scope of chances particularly in footings of medical research for sensing, diagnosing and intervention of diseases. Research has besides begun in utilizing nanoparticles in term of environmental decontamination. How to cite Type of particles with dimensions, Essay examples

Ford Principles of Corporations Law †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Ford Principles of Corporations Law. Answer: Introduction: In the present case, the issue the issue arises on the basis of the present facts if the directors of Lovells Ltd have breached their duties that have been imposed on the directors by the Corporations Act, 2001. Simultaneously, it is also required to be seen if any defenses are available to the directors. The reason is that one of the directors of the company, Larry has incorporated his own company, Events Galore Pty Ltd for the purpose of taking benefit of a business opening that was available to Lovells Ltd. Similarly, the other two directors of the company, Tony and Greg had also approved this act after they were offered the position of non-executive director in the new company, along with attractive remuneration. In the same way, shares have been issued by the three directors of the company, Larry, Tony and Greg for the purpose of diluting the shareholding of Earnest Pty Ltd. Another issue that is present in this case is if the directives can be held liable for being involved in insolvent trading. A corporation is run by its directors on behalf of the shareholders. In s198A, Corporations Act, it has been mentioned that the business of the Corporation needs to be run by or in accordance with the directions given by the directors. In this regard, certain basic legal duties and responsibilities have been imposed among the directors (Austin and Ramsay, 2013). The duties and responsibilities that have been imposed on the directors by the Corporations Act are applicable in case of several organizational structures like public companies or proprietary companies. Duty of care and diligence: In view of this duty, the directors should act with the same level of care and diligence that can be expected from any other reasonable person who is acting under similar circumstances and in the same position. This duty is present in s 180. A similar duty is also obligatory for the directors under the common law (Ford and Austin, 1995). On the other hand, the business judgment rule provides a safe harbor to the directors regarding a claim that has been made against the directors under the common law or for the breach of section 180. The next duty of the directors is to act in good faith, keeping in view the best interests of the company (Ford, 1978). For this purpose, the directors should act for a proper purpose as mentioned in section 181. This requires that any conflicts of interest should be avoided by the directors between their personal interests and companies interests (Elder v Elder and Watson, 1952). This duty is the duty of fidelity as well as of trust. It is known as a fiduciary duty that has been prescribed for the directors by the common law and simultaneously, this duty is also present in the Corporations Act (Morgan v 45 Flers Avenue Pty Ltd., 1986). Another duty of the directors is to make proper use of their position in the company. This duty requires that the director should not use their position in the company improperly (Farrar and Hannigan, 1998). An improper use of position occurs when the directors position is used in order to gain a private benefit or to cause a detriment to the corporation. This duty has been mentioned in section 182 of the Corporations Act. Section 183 of the Corporations Act provides for the duty of the directors according to which they should use the information received by them, properly. This duty requires that any information should not be used by the directors for the purpose of achieving your personal advantage or for causing a loss to the company (Paterson and Ednie, 1976). Another duty mentioned in the Corporations Act is the duty of the directors to prevent insolvent trading. Therefore, apart from the general duties of the directors, it is also the duty of the directors to prevent the company from trading if reasonable grounds are there to suspect that the company is insolvent or may become insolvent after incurring a debt (Menzies, 1959). A company can be described as insolvent if it is not in a position to repay its debts as and when they fall due. As a result of this duty, whenever the company is going to incur the new debt, it is the obligation of the directors to consider if any reasonable grounds are present to suspect that the company may be insolvent or may become so after incurring such a debt. In the present case, the above mentioned duties have been breached by Larry when he incorporated his own company for taking advantage of a business opportunity. In the same way, the other two directors Tony Greg were also liable for the breach of their duty of care and diligence, as well as the duty which requires them to act in good faith. They were quite upset initially but later on, they agreed when the position of nonexecutive directors was offered to them, along with effective remuneration. Larry has also breach did his duty, which prevented him from using his position improperly and also using the information received by him improperly. Another breach of duty by the three directors is the breach of duty to prevent insolvent trading. Although the company was facing financial problems, still Larry, and the other two directors decided to continue with aggressive advertising and marketing efforts. Therefore, these directors have also breached the duty prescribed was written by 588G . Advise the directors whether any defences are available to them. A defense is accessible to the directors under section 180 in the form of the business judgment rule that has been incorporated in the Corporations Act, 2001. Section 180(2) provides that if it can be established by the director that the judgment was made by them in good faith and for a proper purpose and the director did not have any individual interest concerning the subject matter and at the same time, if the director had informed themselves concerning the subject matter of the judgment to reasonable extent and the director also believe that the judgment is in the best interests of the corporation, a defense is available to such a director against an allegation of breach of duty. For this purpose, it is required that the director should fulfill the above-mentioned requirements for the purpose of claiming the protection provided by the business judgment rule and in such a case, it can be said that the statutory duty of care and diligence prescribed by the Corporations Act has been satisfied in a particular case. However in the present case, it cannot be said that the above-mentioned requirements are satisfied and as a result, the defense of business judgment rule is not available to these directors. Advise Mark what members remedies in the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) are suitable for him. In this question, the issue is if the majority shareholders and directors of Katlin Groceries Pty Ltd, Sam and Bob have been involved in oppressive conduct and as a result, if there are any remedies available to the minority shareholder of the company, Mark. While managing the affairs of the company, sometimes the majority shareholders may want to use their influence for achieving the personal benefit, as compared to the benefit of the company as a whole. However, such conduct has not only been declared as illegal by the law but at the same time, such conduct also have the effect of diminishing the value of the few holdings or to cause damage to the company generally. This is not a particularly welcome situation for the minority shareholders. Under these circumstances, the question arises, what can be done by the minority shareholders to deal with such conduct. Generally the term minority oppression describes the conduct mentioned in s 232. It includes the conduct that is against the interests of the shareholders as a whole or the conduct that is oppressive, unfairly prejudicial or discriminatory. Oppressive conduct is assessed by using an objective test based on the fact if the particular conduct can be described as unfair by any reasonable person. Moreover, it is not enough that prejudice or discrimination is present, it is also needed that an element of unfairness should exist that is something more than causing a disadvantage. Therefore when the minority shareholders have to face oppressive conduct, certain remedies have been provided in section 233, Corporations Act for such a conduct. According to the provisions of this section, discretion has been provided to the court to grant extensive remedies to minority members who have to face oppressive conduct. Particularly section 233 allows the court to make an order, which it considers to be appropriate, keeping in view the circumstances where the conduct of the affairs of the company can be described as being against the interests of the members of the company as a whole or, if such conduct is oppressive, unfairly prejudicial or discriminatory against a member or members of the corporation. The power of the courts to give relief in case of oppressive conduct allows the courts to make orders (but is not limited to), that the majority members should buy the shares of the minority member at the price that has been determined by the court; or that the company buys the shares of the minority member; or that a receiver and manager should be appointed and to wind up the company; or that an injunction be issued against the corporation or director or majority member, which restrains them from a particular act. For example, in Roberts v Walter Developments Pty Ltd Ors (1997) the court had discussed the relevant principles concerning oppression and business judgment. Hence, in this case, the court arrived at the conclusion that the course of conduct of the chairman and a majority shareholder, including the fact that the company failed to pay dividends, failure of the company to consider the request made by the minority shareholders that the remuneration of majority shareholders a s the director of the company should be reduced and the refusal to allow the minority shareholders to look at the company records, can be considered as oppressive (Fexuto Pty Ltd v Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd., 2001). In this case, the majority shareholders and the directors of Katlin Groceries Pty Ltd, Sam and Bob have not paid any dividend to the members of the company even if the company has been doing very well. Both these directors reject the requests made by Mark to pay dividends. At the same time, when Mark asked them to purchase his shares, they refused to do so. Moreover, they make Mark resign from his position as the director of the company. Similarly, they also deny access to Mark to the financial statements of the company. When Mark was leaving his office, he finds out that excessive payments have been made to the consulting firm of Sam and Bob as consultancy fees. Under these circumstances, it can be concluded that Sam and Bob have been involved in oppressive conduct and as a result, the remedies for oppressive conduct mentioned above are available to Mark, which includes an order by the court according to which Marks shares should be purchased by the other two majority shareholders at a price decided by the court. References Austin R.P. and Ramsay, I.M. (2013) Fords Principles of Corporations Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 15th ed, 432 Farrar J.H. and Hannigan, B (1998) Farrars Company Law (Butterworths, 4th ed, 382 Ford H.A.J., and Austin, R.P., (1995) Ford and Austins Principles of Corporations Law (Butterworths, 7th ed, 262 Ford, H.A.J., (1978) Principles of Company Law (Butterworths, 2nd ed, 345 Menzies, D., (1959) Company Directors, 33 Australian Law Journal 156 Paterson W.E. and Ednie, H.H. (1976) Butterworths, Australian Company Law, vol 2, 2nd ed. Elder v Elder and Watson (1952) S.C. 49 Fexuto Pty Ltd v Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 97 Morgan v 45 Flers Avenue Pty Ltd (1986) 10 ACLR 692 Roberts v Walter Developments Pty Ltd Ors (1997) 15 ACLC 882

Greek Femininity Essays - Argonauts, Women And Death,

Greek Femininity Greek Ideas on Gender Roles Throughout history, the roles of women and men have always differed to some degree. In ancient Greece, the traditional roles were clear-cut and defined. Women stayed home to care for children and do housework while men left to work. This system of society was not too far off the hunter gatherer concept where women cared for the house and the men hunted. Intriguingly enough, despite the customary submissive role, women had a more multifaceted role and image in society as juxtaposed with the rather simple role men played. Morals for the two were also different. Men obviously had the upper hand with women being the traditional passive. For an example, it was quite acceptable for a man to commit adultery- however a woman was to remain chaste. The only exception to this was if the lover in question was a god. For some odd reason, it seemed that men were allowed to be philanderers while their wives stayed at home. This is evidenced in the Odyssey quite well- Odysseus the hero is free to sample all the pretty ladies he cares to, whereareas Penelope his wife is expected to fend off all the suitors at home. Predictably, Penelope melts into his arms when she realizes it is her long lost husband without pausing to consider what he has done in his absence. This reaction portrays the unequal morals of Greek society regarding gender. Euripidess Medea portrays women who are not quite as lucky as Penelope: Oh, unfortunate one, Oh cruel! Where will you turn? Who will help you? What house or what land to preserve you from ill can you find? Medea, a god has thrown suffering upon you in waves of despair. In this play, Medeas husband Jason has left her and their children to fend for themselves while he cavorts with his new princess bride. Generally speaking, there is nothing Medea can do and the attitude conveyed by the Corinthian women thoroughly explains this. As shown, women were considered naturally submissive as in most other old cultures. This is somewhat understandable as women were the ones who bore children and men provided for the family unit. As time progressed, this stereotype was over emphasized into what is portrayed in these plays and poems. Despite this submissive image, Greek women were not considered na?ve, but a pleasurable if a bit foolish kind of a creature. In Aristophanes play, Lysistrata, this concept is amply portrayed. Most of the women are portrayed, as impulsive individuals while men are carnal gluttons. Notwithstanding this facet of their image women could also be wily as Medea and Lysistrata: What is more, you were born a woman, And women, though most helpless in doing good deeds, Are of every evil the cleverest of contrives The deceitful female is epitomized by the character of Aphrodite in Euripidiess Hippolytus. Due to having her altar neglected (as in the case of Psyche) she plotted to bring ruin to Hippolytus and all those who loved him. At the end of the play, Artemis plots revenge against Aphrodite (also called Cypris) saying: Hush, that is enough! You shall not be unavenged, Cypris shall find the angry shafts she hurls Against you for youre your piety and innocence Shall cost her dear. Ill wait until she loves a mortal next time, And with this handwith these unerring arrows Ill punish him. Thus it is not only the mortal women who are vindictive, but it is the very nature of womankind To be passively wicked. One of the few exceptions to the image of the submissive Greek woman were the Amazons. The Amazons were a race of mythical warrior women who were completely dedicated to their work. When they reached maturity, they burned off one of their breasts to make archery easier, and dominated what men they kept. Their male children were killed and only the girls were kept. Artemis the huntress and her followers also defied traditional imagery. Yet no non-virgin was a part of Artemiss coterie which excludes the majority of women. However independent, even the legendary Amazons were defeated by a man. In the labors of Hercules, one of his tasks was to fetch the girdle of the Amazon Queen. Hercules was received unusually well by

Dative Bond Definition (Coordinate Bond)

Dative Bond Definition (Coordinate Bond) A covalent bond forms when two atoms share electrons. The electron pair is attracted to both atomic nuclei, holding them together to form a bond. In a typical covalent bond, each atom supplies an electron to form the bond. A dative bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where one of the atoms provides both electrons that form the bond. A dative bond is also known as a dipolar bond or coordinate bond. In a diagram, a dative bond is indicated by drawing an arrow pointing from the atom that donates the lone electron pair toward the atom that accepts the pair. The arrow replaces the usual line that indicates a chemical bond. Key Takeaways: Dative Bond A dative bond is a 2-center, 2-electron covalent bond in which both electrons come from the same atom.A dative bond is also called a coordinate covalent bond or a coordinate bond.Dative bonds are common when metal ions bind to ligands. Dative Bond Example Dative bonds are commonly seen in reactions involving hydrogen (H) atoms. For example, when hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to make hydrochloric acid, a dative bond is found in the hydronium ion: H2O HCl → H3O Cl- The hydrogen nucleus is transferred to the water molecule to form hydronium, so it does not contribute any electrons to the bond. Once the bond is formed, there is no difference between a dative bond and an ordinary covalent bond. Source Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997, Oxford.

Formulaic Language In Academic Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Formulaic Language In Academic Writing - Essay Example Development of creativity for me was something extremely difficult, but when I had known how to read, I started improving in creativity. My language teacher encouraged me and made smart remarks whenever I did well in composition writing. When I was in high school, the intensity of writing was more than when it was at the elementary level. I began writing essays, poems, formal letters, research papers and journals. These demanded much from me, as it needed a careful approach and some research using the internet and library books. Although it was difficult learning this, it has helped me in gaining crucial skills such as writing of formal letters and writing academic papers. When writing an academic paper, there are crucial steps to follow. The paper should have a title, introduction and the main body (Philip and Mathews, 3). The main body carries research questions, method used in the research, discussion and conclusions. A paper divided in this manner allows the writer to address the topic without deviating to unnecessary information in the paper. I have had to struggle so much with referencing and formatting styles such as APA, MLA, Harvard and Chicago amongst others. Referencing and formatting is mandatory in research. What has proved difficult and even still sometimes challenging in my writing, is how to reference online materials such as newspapers and journals in the various referencing styles. However, I have worked hard to overcome this by ensuring that I have samples of papers referenced according to each style that I often use in my research. I have saved them in my PC for reference in case I forget. In my righting experience, I have come to respect psychology. This is a field in which researchers give the human thought and the rare diseases that affect the affect the brain and thus impaired way of thinking.

Personal and Professional Development Assignment - 7

Personal and Professional Development - Assignment Example From this study it is clear that  the most common approaches to self-managed learning include workshops, seminars and conferences, social networks, internet, and in-service trainings. It is possible to learn through seminars, conferences and workshops because people use these forums for expressing their experiences and finding new ways of making changes for the future. Seminars, workshops, and conferences are effective in self-managed learning because they provide participants with opportunities for presenting their knowledge about various aspects to other people, who also learn new things from them.This essay declares that social networks provide additional forums for self-managed learning. Social networks include Facebook, Twitter, and My Year Book. People spend time chatting with friends and learning new inventions and information from others through their posts. The internet contains several articles written by various authors and on a variety of subjects, including accounting, management, economics, and marketing. The internet provides the most convenient source of information; knowledge from the internet learners can be transfer and put to practical applications at their workplaces. In-service trainings constitutes learning programs organizations plan, develop and administer to their employees. These programs are effective in self-managed learning because they are provided by the organization that exactly understands its needs and skill requirements.   Ã‚  

Description Of The Social Disorganization Theory Criminology Essay

Description Of The Social Disorganization Theory Criminology Essay Criminology and other social sciences, examine numerous facets when attempting to explain what factors cause individuals to deviate from social norms Social disorganization theory,. Sociologists have established social structure theories in their efforts to connect behavior patterns to social-economic control and other social ecological factors (Social disorganization theory,). The social disorganization theory expanded from social structure theories; which states that neighborhoods with decaying social structures are more likely to have higher crime rates (The social costs,). Description of the Social Disorganization Theory Social Disorganization Theory was created by two sociologists, Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay who were connected to the University of Chicago. Due to the social problems afflicting Chicago, Shaw and McKay examined the predominant rates crime and delinquency (Wong). Creators Shaw and McKay theorized that disorganized communities plagued by poverty lacked strong social strength (Wong). In the early 1940s, Shaw and McKay conducted a study using an ecological concept of dominance, in order to explain the high percentage of criminal behavior that afflicted Chicago neighborhoods (Social disorganization theory,). Robert Park and Ernest Burgesss Concentric Zone Model was used in Shaw and McKays work (Wong). They identified five concentric zones illustrating social problems in Chicago. Shaw and McKay used this information to examine the juvenile delinquency rate in detail and to clarify why it was isolated to urban areas (Wong). Shaw and McKay believed that social disorganization was linked to immigrant groups relocating to more desirable neighborhoods Shaw and McKay discovered that high delinquency rates persisted in certain Chicago neighborhoods for long periods of time in spite of changes in the ethnic and cultural composition of these neighborhoods (Social disorganization theory, ). They discovered that neighborhoods ecological played a part in determining crime rates. Their research also revealed that high rates of crime occurred in communities that had a declining populations and property decay (Social disorganization theory,). Discussion of the Social disorganization Theory Social disorganization occurs when neighborhoods members fail to achieve united values or to solve mutual problems (Social disorganization and, ). Shaw and McKay connected social disorganization to poor unstable areas with ethnic diversity(Social disorganization and, ). Shaw and McKays studies connecting delinquency rates to physical characteristics established crucial evidences about the neighborhoods relates to crime and delinquency (Social disorganization and, ). Their work is still used as a guide today as a way of addressing crime in neighborhoods. A recent version of social disorganization theory states that strong social interactions prevent crime and delinquency (Social disorganization and, ). When members of neighborhoods are familiar with each other, the adults are more willing to get involved when children misbehave and watch for outsiders, in other words protect each other and their neighborhood (Social disorganization and, ). According to social disorganization theory, neighborhood characteristics such as poverty and ethnic diversity causes higher crime rates because they inhibit neighborhood members from working together (Social disorganization and, ). Judy Van Wyk, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, at the University of Rhode Island uses the social disorganization theory to reason that intimate violence is connected to disadvantage neighborhoods because residents lack social bonds with their neighbors (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). It is believed that residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods are unwilling to get involved or call the police in domestic disputes because they have weak ties to their neighbors. Women who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely to be socially isolated and are at greater risk of domestic violence (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). The National Surveys of Families and Households (NSFH) sample was designed to be representative of the general population of U.S. households and employed a multi-stage area probability sample. Data was gathered by conducting face-to-face interviews with 13,007 randomly selected adult respondents. The study finds that when the racial or socioecono mic configurations of neighborhoods reach certain values, neighborhoods are bound to change character (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). They go from being acceptable places to live for most people to being unattractive for everyone except for those who have no other choice. Change occurs mainly because whites or people of high socioeconomic status move out if they observe that too many blacks or poor persons are moving into the neighborhood (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). This migration decreases property values and generates an opportunity for those who were previously prevented from living in an area by high housing costs. Therefore, these neighborhoods become overrun with racial minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged persons (Benson, Fox, DeMaris Van Wyk, 2003). These changes lead to social disorganization which causes an increase in crime rates. Social disorganization can be demonstrated by the presence of people taking drugs on the streets, dealing drug, fighting in public, crime, prostitution, or other criminal and noncriminal activities that created a sense of danger and that is seen by neighborhood as signs of the collapse in social control (Gracia Herrero, 2007). Social disorganization shows the members that their neighborhoods are dangerous places. Therefore, rendering them too scared to take an active role in boosting social order in their neighborhood; this causes them to pull away from communal life. Using data from a national representative sample of 14,994 Spaniards18 years old and older, data was gathered through face-to-face interviews after choosing individuals by quotas of sex and age (Gracia Herrero, 2007). Results revealed that contributors seeing low or moderate neighborhood social disorganization exhibited a positive attitude toward reporting domestic violence against women as compared with contributors seeing high neighborhood social disorganization (Gracia Herrero, 2007). The outcomes support the theory that perceived neighborhood social disorganization is adversely related with residents attitudes toward reporting domestic violence against women, undoubtedly as a result of a weakened sense of trust and joint effectiveness. Conclusion As suggested above, social disorganization theory continues to dominate in clarifying the impact of neighborhood characteristics such as, poverty, ethnic diversity, and residential stability, on crime rates. Regarding the future, social disorganization theory will still be applied to various forms of crime and will continue to be the motivation behind criminologists and social scientists in their exploration of criminal behavior.

P4 Use Marketing Research

Task 1 (P4 use marketing research for marketing planning) Results -75% want more children’s sandwiches -82% want the shop to be open longer -65% said the staff was unfriendly -50% said the contents of the sandwiches could be fresher -80% said they would prefer more wraps SWOT Analysis Strengths – Because Mr. Khan has carried out the market research on his competitors his can adjust his own store make sure it meets the requirements that the customers need such as making sure his staff are friendly and help when serving customers.Weaknesses -The weaknesses of Mr. Khan’s sandwich shop is that there is already a shop in the area with a minimum of 200 customers which may make it harder for him to start getting customers especially if the store has a large amount of loyal customers. Also if there is one shop there may more which could mean he has set up his business in a bad area. Opportunities To widen the range of sandwiches available in his shop, more childrenâ€⠄¢s sandwiches will bring more customers in with young children also to start making more types of wraps so that there is a larger selection of food available in store bringing more customers through the door therefore increasing sales and profits. – By keeping his store open longer than other stores in the area he can potentially gain more customers from other store and perhaps find new customers who use his store nearer to closing time. -If Mr.Khan was able to source all of the contents of his sandwiches locally and use that as promotion so that he has the freshest ingredients because it can bring more customers. Threats – Any new shops that are opening can be a potential threat and steal customers from his store because they may give better service, products or their prices may be lower. – Also if there are any supermarkets around the area that sell sandwiches because they sell them at much lower prices than he can so there is threat of the supermarkets steal ing customers Smart Objectives 0% said they would prefer more wraps -To develop a new line of wrap based product to sell in store Perhaps look into other stores to do some market research to see what type’s food sells and whether wraps are selling or not. Then on the research that he has carried out create a new menu of sandwiches that include a selection of wraps, also Mr. Khan could introduce the wrap with a special offer like a meal deal, half price or buy one get free. Mr. Khan could also do a festive menu on the way up to Christmas 82% want the shop to be open longer Keep the store open from 7:00am until 4:00pm for lunch and breakfast also perhaps open it for a two hours in the evening to increase and make a minimum of 60 sales per day Increase the amount of sales he makes in a day by doing a meal deal that would draw more people into his store daily also if he was to keep the store open for longer than he could get more sales in the later hours of the afternoon when did n’t use to be open. Mr. Khan could also open it for a few hours in the evening to see if he could get any sales then. 5% said the staff was unfriendly -Gain 30 regulars that use the store 3-5 times week in the first two months By employing more friendly staff that interact with customers so his store becomes a more friendly place with better atmosphere, this may mean that customer could his shop more often and regularly in their work place so that Mr. Khan knows he has got at least 30 guarantied sales every day. 50% said the contents of the sandwiches could be fresher -Source all ingredients that are used in sandwiches locally e. g. local farms and butchers. By Mr.Khan sourcing all of the contents of his sandwiches and ingredients locally from local farms, grocers and butchers also perhaps use organic fruit and vegetables. Then promoting in his store and on the menu that he uses fresh, locally sourced ingredients in his food may bring in more customers. 75% want more children ’s sandwiches -Open new line of child based sandwich products and meal deal that contain a drink a toy also a wider variety sandwiches. By starting to make a children’s menu with a range of products from sandwiches to drinks and toys.This will bring more people with children into his sandwich store and mean that the parents will stay longer and spent more money in his shop because their children are happy and entertained with the meal they have. PESTEL Analysis Political -Political factors are Laws passed by the government that affect the business and to what degree. These political factors include areas such as tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability.Political factors can also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided and those that the government doesn’t want to be provided such as tobacco and cigarettes which the governments allow to be sold sell but puts heavy tax on . The smoking ban had a big effect on all business when it was put in place however it was a positive for shops and business like Mr. Khans sandwich shop because it prevents smokers from smoking in business and public places which allowed more people and a wider range to use the business such mothers and children to use his store that wouldn’t have used it before because of the smokers.Economical -Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate which affect business in the way of stock prices, rent and taxation these factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a company like Mr. Khan’s profits, revenue and debts because his business loans will become more expensive affecting how much his company makes and what it worth. This can affect how much his sandwich grows and expands, possible new store he could open and how quick it does so.Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy this affects Mr. Khan Business because it could import some of the ingredients used in his product and the exchange rates can differ and tax on importing and exporting goods can increase. Inflation affects all business because it affects prices of goods and services and taxes on business like Mr. Khan’s sandwich shop because the prices of his ingredients can increase, the tax on his business may increase and the rent for the premise of his business especially with inflation increasing.Social Social factors include the cultural aspects that affect businesses which can include population growth rate, age, career attitudes and different cultures. Age is has a big affect such as if Mr. Khan started to make his business more child friendly and offer coloring and play areas for children. Making the inside of his store more comfortable by using sofa seating instead of plastic chairs. Technological Tech nological factors include the ways in which technology has changed the way business operate and the rate of technological change.Examples of this would be business offering free Wi-Fi when you use the business this is something that Mr. Khan’s sandwich shop could think about offering to the customer because it can increase the range of customer that use it such students and business men that buy the lunch and use the Wi-Fi on their laptop to do work. Another technological factor would be for Mr. Khan to start using chip pin allowing his customers to pay with card because their lots of potential customer that may not have cash with them but have a card so don’t use his sandwich shop.Any more advance technology that he could use in his business such as new fridges, cooking and the equipment he uses to make the sandwiches which could all potentially increase the quality of his products. Environmental These are factors which can relate to the social, political and legal as pects affecting a business. Some examples of this would be Mr. Khan adapting a new outlook to how his business gives back to the environment, by the packaging he uses to wrap his sandwiches in perhaps using bio degradable packaging.Reducing the amount of packaging he uses so that he has less waste. Another thing Mr. Khan could consider is reducing the amount of waste his business generates overall; by reducing it he would not only save money himself on the waste packaging that is not used and it would reduce cost of rubbish removal because he will then have less non recyclable waste. These moves would also improve the image of his business in that it will become more environmentally friendly. LegalLegal issues involve the development that goes on within the business it includes various laws such as discrimination law, consumer law, antitrust law, employment law, and health and safety law. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. Be cause Mr. Khan’s business is relatively new and a lot of the current laws have already passed however law such as the smoking ban for example could have affect Mr. Khan’s business because when the law passed it was good news for mothers and children but bad for any smokers that before would have been able to smoke in the cafe.

Modern history of JAPAN

Distinct features of constitution: 1.According to Meiji constitution, all political power is in the Emperor’s hand. 2.The principle that sovereignty resided in person of the Emperor, by virtue of his divine ancestry â€Å"unbroken for ages eternal†, rather than the people, No other have chance to take position 3.The Emperor, nominally at least, united within himself all three branches (executive and legislative and judiciary) of government, albeit subject to the â€Å"consent of the Imperial Diet†. 4.Sacred and inviolable†, a formula which was construed by hard-line monarchists to mean that emperor retained the right to withdraw the constitution, or to ignore its provisions. 5.The Emperor’s commands (including Imperial Ordinance, Edicts, Rescripts, etc) had no legal force within themselves, but required the signature of a â€Å"Minister of State†. 6.The Emperor also had the sole rights to make war, make peace, conclude treaties Democracy in Meiji constitution. People’s right 1. Freedom of speech, assembly and association 2. Privacy of correspondence 3. Private property 4. Freedom of movement 5. Freedom of religion 6. Right to be appointed to civil or military or any other public offices equally. Moreover, according to constitution, the Emperor’s commands (including Imperial Ordinance, Edicts, Rescripts, etc) had no legal force within themselves, but required the signature of a â€Å"Minister of State†. Depart from Democracy. 1 All political powers in the Emperor’s hand. 2 The Meiji Constitution was founded on the principle that sovereignty resided in person of the Emperor, by virtue of his divine ancestry â€Å"unbroken for ages eternal†, rather than the people 3 The Emperor, nominally at least, united within himself all three branches (executive and legislative and judiciary) of government, 4 Ministers of State were appointed by (and could be dismissed by) the Emperor alone, and not by the Prime Minister or the Diet. 5 The Emperor also had the sole rights to make war, make peace, conclude treaties

Income Inequality in the United States Essay - 3271 Words

America prides itself on being one of the most successful democratically governed counties. The idea of the American dream is that all citizens have equal civil liberties and a responsive government. However the effectiveness of democracy is being threatened by increasing inequality in the United States. â€Å"The dominant view holds that economic development and modernization are the key to the continued growth of democracy† (Snider and Faris 2001; United Nations, 2011). In the last decade especially the American Society has had significant moments of increasing equality. In 1960 the Civil Rights Movement changed how different races were viewed. Also in the 1960s the Women’s Right Movement push for equal rights between genders. Both of these†¦show more content†¦Political Opinions Public opinion plays a huge role in the development of democracy. â€Å"A society is unlikely to maintain democratic institutions over the long term, unless democracy has solid support among the public† (Andersen 2012). Most research on the issue demonstrates a positive link between economic development and support for democracy(Andersen 2012). Some researchers also consider social trust (Putnam 1993) and social tolerance (Andersen and Fetner 2008) to be a major factor of support of democracy. Most Americans see unequal economy as a result of individuals work ethics and talent rather then a flaw in the economic system. However, most Americans accept inequality because they believe everyone has the same chances in life to make the best. A properly running government is supposed to make positive that all the citizen are equal. 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